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Trade barriers, such as the China–United States trade war, are government-induced tariffs or sanctions on imported goods to reduce the trade deficit. Today, a new form of trade barriers has emerged – the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

The Gold Standard (GS) was developed in 2003 by the World Wide Fund for Nature, the South-South North Initiative and the Helio International.

The EU ETS implements a cap-and-trade program to limit greenhouse gas emissions below the cap through purchasing allowances.

The registry of Tradable Instruments for Global Renewables (TIGRs) is an online platform for tracking and transmitting renewable energy certificates.

A Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) represents 1 MWh of power generated by eligible renewable energy power generation facilities.

New Zealand’s official certification system is managed by private business Certified Energy.

The Taiwan Renewable Energy Certificate (T-REC) is launched in 2017 in Taiwan.

RE100 is a global renewable energy advocacy organization led by the Climate Group and Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to promote the use of green power among end users.

CEBA is a membership association that brings together clean energy customers in the U.S. with the purpose of cultivating a global community of energy customers to deploy market and policy solutions for a carbon-free energy system.

Grüner Strom Label (GSL), meaning “greener electricity” in German, was established and has been operated by seven non-governmental organizations since 1998.

GreenPower is an Australian renewable energy accreditation company whose accreditation is applicable to every state in Australia.

EKOenergy, an internationally recognized quality mark for renewable energy, natural gas, heating and cooling, is a non-profit initiative consisting of more than 40 environmental organizations in 30 countries.